![]() Not only were photographs being reproduced in an affordable, mechanical, manner for the first time-and finding their way into magazines, journals, books, and newspapers-but photographic methods of reproduction allowed for facsimile and reprint of pre-existing material-visual and textual-to an unprecedented degree. The range of production methods stretched from the finest, highly rarified and limited editioned works to relatively cheap and inexpensively produced materials, but the advent of photo-offset printing introduced another dimension to production. 2 Censorship laws continued to change and milestone rulings on obscenity, artistic merit, and freedom of the press were produced in response to changing attitudes. 1 Crucial developments took place as public library movements caught on in Great Britain and the United States, along with other models of subscription and shared circulation of printed materials. Literacy rates in the developed world were higher than at any point in history, and compulsory education ensured children would acquire the rudiments of reading and writing. With them came new business and advertising models. Niche publications for every sector of the market had appeared. ![]() In the era just before cinema and radio appeared, print was the mass medium par excellence. Modern Publishing Transformations Libraries, globalization, corporatization, and artists’ publicationsīy the beginning of the 20 th century, books, mass circulation magazines, newspapers and other forms of print production had exploded.
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